"Ukrainian forces are at a strategic disadvantage against separatists equipped with sophisticated technology including drones, which allow them to target artillery strikes and track troop movements. Ukrainian units are also often unable to contact each other because the separatists can jam their communications." - FT
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On guard: a pro-Russian rebel patrols the road near the airport of Donetsk, with Ukrainian military vehicles in the background
Ukraine has appealed for urgent international military assistance to combat an “electronic warfare” offensive, which it said is giving pro-Russian rebels a critical advantage in the worsening conflict.
Western nations have so far rebuffed Kiev’s calls for direct military assistance in the fight against Moscow-backed separatists in the east of the country.
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But Pavlo Klimkin, Ukraine’s foreign minister, said a deeper “understanding” was growing in the US and EU that Ukraine needed high-tech gadgetry and training as much as weapons.
“The terrorists have been given the most modern weapons by the Russians [and are] trained by Russians and guided by Russians,” he said in an interview with the Financial Times. “We badly need communications equipment, jamming equipment – not just things considered lethal.”
Mr Klimkin, who became foreign minister in June, is a former Ukrainian ambassador to Germany who was born in the Russian city of Kursk.
Ukrainian forces are at a strategic disadvantage against separatists equipped with sophisticated technology including drones, which allow them to target artillery strikes and track troop movements. Ukrainian units are also often unable to contact each other because the separatists can jam their communications.
While Ukraine has received some equipment from the west, including radar technology, as well as assistance such as army food packages, body armour and training, it is pushing for state-of-the art hardware
Mr Klimkin said greater military support was vital because Russian-backed forces were engaged in a “deliberate escalation” of the conflict. Recent shellings in the town of Volnovakha and the port city of Mariupol, which killed dozens of civilians, were the opening salvos in a broader campaign, he argued.
“These are not random events . . . they are cynically raising the stakes,” he said. “If there is anothertragedy on the scale of Mariupol, the whole situation could spiral out of control with the extreme risk of spillover not only for Russia and Ukraine but the whole EU.”
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Pro-Moscow separatists in eastern Ukraine have escalated the political turmoil that threatens to tear the country apart
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Further reading
Russia denies its forces are fighting in Ukraine.
European diplomats fear Vladimir Putin, Russia’s president, is seeking to win more territory in Ukraine to distract from the fragility of his country’s domestic economy, which has been undermined by sanctions and the collapsing oil price.
But Mr Klimkin said any attempt to seize a foothold on the coast and build a “land bridge” to Crimea would lead to a bloodbath rather than a propaganda coup.
“There will not be any kind of big victory . . . just a very dangerous military mess, which will lead to very many people killed and injured.”
He also warned EU leaders that it made no sense to differentiate between sanctions imposed over the conflict in eastern Ukraine and those imposed over the occupation of Crimea. This suggestion is gaining traction in the EU as a means to encourage Russia to withdraw from the Donbass region of eastern Ukraine. In theory, this would allow the EU to row back on sanctions in case of de-escalation there even while Crimea remained under Russian occupation.
There should be “no distinction,” Mr Klimkin said, adding that dissatisfaction about Russian annexation was growing among Crimeans.
“People who were very supportive of Russia’s unlawful action last year now find there is no facility to interact with the outside world, not even to travel with passports issued in Crimea. There is no possibility of investment. They are not treated as normal Russians . . . The situation in Crimea will change far earlier than anyone expects.”
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- For warfare on the Internet, see Cyberwarfare.
Electronic warfare (EW) is any action involving the use of the electromagnetic spectrum or directed energy to control the spectrum, attack an enemy, or impede enemy assaults via the spectrum. The purpose of electronic warfare is to deny the opponent the advantage of, and ensure friendly unimpeded access to, the EM spectrum. EW can be applied from air, sea, land, and space by manned and unmanned systems, and can target humans, communications, radar, or other assets.[1]
The electromagnetic environment[edit]
Military operations are executed in an information environment increasingly complicated by the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum. The electromagnetic spectrum portion of the information environment is referred to as the electromagnetic environment (EME). The recognized need for military forces to have unimpeded access to and use of the electromagnetic environment creates vulnerabilities and opportunities for electronic warfare (EW) in support of military operations.[1]
Within the information operations construct, EW is an element of information warfare; more specifically, it is an element of offensive and defensive counterinformation.[2]
NATO has a different and arguably more encompassing and comprehensive approach to EW. A Military Committee conceptual document from 2007 (MCM_0142 Nov 2007 Military Committee Transformation Concept for Future NATO Electronic Warfare) recognised the EME as an operational manoeuvre space and warfighting environment/domain. In NATO, EW is considered to be warfare in the EME. NATO has adopted simplified language which parallel those used in the other warfighting environments like maritime, land and air/space. For example, Electronic Attack is offensive use of EM energy. ED is electronic defence and ES electronic surveillance. The use of the traditional NATO EW measures (ECM, EPM and ESM) has been retained as they contribute to and support EA, ED and ES. Besides EW, other EM operations include ISTAR and SIGINT. Subsequently NATO has issued EW Policy and Doctrine and is addressing the other NATO defence lines of development.
Electronic warfare applications[edit]
Electronic warfare is any military action involving the use of the EM spectrum to include directed energy (DE) to control the EM spectrum or to attack an enemy. This is not limited to radio or radar frequencies but includes IR, visible, ultraviolet, and other less used portions of the EM spectrum. This includes self-protection, standoff, and escort jamming, and antiradiation attacks. EW is a specialized tool that enhances many air and space functions at multiple levels of conflict.[2]
The purpose of EW is to deny the opponent an advantage in the EM spectrum and ensure friendly unimpeded access to the EM spectrum portion of the information environment. EW can be applied from air, sea, land, and space by manned and unmanned systems. EW is employed to support military operations involving various levels of detection, denial, deception, disruption, degradation, protection, and destruction.[1]
EW contributes to the success of information operations (IO) by using offensive and defensive tactics and techniques in a variety of combinations to shape, disrupt, and exploit adversarial use of the EM spectrum while protecting friendly freedom of action in that spectrum. Expanding reliance on the EM spectrum increases both the potential and the challenges of EW in information operations. All of the core, supporting, and related information operations capabilities either directly use EW or indirectly benefit from EW.[2]
The principal EW activities have been developed over time to exploit the opportunities and vulnerabilities that are inherent in the physics of EM energy. Activities used in EW include: electro-optical, infrared and radio frequency countermeasures; EM compatibility and deception;communications jamming, radar jamming and anti-jamming; electronic masking, probing, reconnaissance, and intelligence; electronics security; EW reprogramming; emission control; spectrum management; and wartime reserve modes.[1][2]
Subdivisions[edit]
Electronic warfare includes three major subdivisions: electronic attack (EA), electronic protection (EP), and electronic warfare support (ES).[1]
Electronic attack (EA)[edit]
Electronic attack (EA) involves the use of EM energy, directed energy, or anti-radiation weapons to attack personnel, facilities, or equipment with the intent of degrading, neutralizing, or destroying enemy combat capability. In the case of EM energy, this action is referred to as jamming and can be performed on communications systems (see Radio jamming) or radar systems (see Radar jamming and deception).
Electronic Protection (EP)[edit]
A right front view of a
USAFBoeing E-4
advanced airborne command post (AABNCP) on the electromagnetic pulse (EMP) simulator (HAGII-C) for testing.
Electronic Protection (EP) (previously known as electronic protective measures (EPM) or electronic counter countermeasures (ECCM)) involves actions taken to protect personnel, facilities, and equipment from any effects of friendly or enemy use of the electromagnetic spectrum that degrade, neutralize, or destroy friendly combat capability. Jamming is not part of EP, it is an EA measure.
The use of flare rejection logic on an IR missile to counter an adversary’s use of flares is EP. While defensive EA actions and EP both protect personnel, facilities, capabilities, and equipment, EP protects from the effects of EA (friendly and/or adversary). Other examples of EP include spread spectrum technologies, use of Joint Restricted Frequency List (JRFL), emissions control (EMCON), and low observability or "stealth".[1]
An Electronic Warfare Self Protection (EWSP) is a suite of countermeasure systems fitted primarily to aircraft for the purpose of protecting the aircraft from weapons fire and can include among others:DIRCM (protects against IR missiles), Infrared countermeasures (protects against IR missiles), Chaff(protects against RADAR guided missiles), DRFM Decoys (Protects against Radar guided missiles),Flare (protects against IR missiles).
An Electronic Warfare Tactics Range (EWTR) is a practice range which provides for the training of aircrew in electronic warfare. There are two such ranges in Europe; one at RAF Spadeadam in the United Kingdom and the POLYGON range in Germany and France. EWTRs are equipped with ground-based equipment to simulate electronic warfare threats that aircrew might encounter on missions.
Antifragile EW is a step beyond standard EP, occurring when a communications link being jammed actually increases in capability as a result of a jamming attack, although this is only possible under certain circumstances such as reactive forms of jamming. [3]
Electronic warfare support (ES)[edit]
Electronic Warfare Support (ES), is the subdivision of EW involving actions tasked by, or under direct control of, an operational commander to search for, intercept, identify, and locate or localize sources of intentional and unintentional radiated electromagnetic (EM) energy for the purpose of immediate threat recognition, targeting, planning, and conduct of future operations.[1] These measures begin with systems designed and operators trained to make Electronic Intercepts (ELINT) and then classification and analysis broadly known as Signals intelligence from such detections to return information and perhaps actionable intelligence (e.g. a ship's identification from unique characteristics of a specific radar) to the commander.
The overlapping discipline, signals intelligence (SIGINT) is the related process of analyzing and identifying the intercepted frequencies (e.g. as a mobile phone or radar). SIGINT is broken into three categories: ELINT, COMINT, and FISINT. the parameters of intercepted txn are-: communication equipment-: freq, bandwidth, modulation, polarisation etc. The distinction between intelligence and electronic warfare support (ES) is determined by who tasks or controls the collection assets, what they are tasked to provide, and for what purpose they are tasked. Electronic warfare support is achieved by assets tasked or controlled by an operational commander. The purpose of ES tasking is immediate threat recognition, targeting, planning and conduct of future operations, and other tactical actions such as threat avoidance and homing. However, the same assets and resources that are tasked with ES can simultaneously collect intelligence that meets other collection requirements.[1]
Where these activities are under the control of an operational commander and being applied for the purpose of situational awareness, threat recognition, or EM targeting, they also serve the purpose of Electronic Warfare surveillance (ES).
See also[edit]
Electronic Warfare Systems:
Historic:
US specific:
Further reading[edit]
- FM 3-36: Electronic Warfare In Operations. Safeguarding Soldiers Through Technology. Fort Leavenworth, U.S. Army Combined Arms Center (CAC), 26 February 2009 – PDF, 114 p., 4,5 MB. –See also: John Milburn: Army manual raises emphasis on electronic warfare. Washington Post, 26 February 2009.
- Jon Latimer, Deception in War, London: John Murray, 2001
- David Adamy EW 101: A First Course in Electronic Warfare
- David Adamy EW 102: A Second Course in Electronic Warfare
- Joint Publication 3-13.1: Electronic Warfare[1]
- Aadu Jogiaas: Disturbing soviet transmissions in August 1991.
- Words: MATT BOLTON Photographs: MATT MUNRO The Tallinn Cables, A GLIMPSE INTO TALLINN’S SECRET HISTORY OF ESPIONAGE Lonely Planet Magazine, December 2011
References[edit]
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i "Joint Publication 3-13.1 Electronic Warfare" (Online PDF available for download). Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS) - Armed Forces of the United States of America. 25 January 2007. pp. i, v – x. Retrieved 2011-05-01.
This publication provides...doctrine for electronic warfare planning, preparation, execution, and assessment in support of joint operations across the range of military operations.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Electronic Warfare; Air Force Doctrine Document 2-5.1" (Online PDF available for download). Secretary of the Air Force. 5 November 2002. pp. i, v – x. Retrieved 2011-05-01.
This AFDD establishes operational doctrine for United States Air Force EW operations. This doctrine provides guidance for planning and conducting electronic warfare operations in support of national and joint force commander (JFC) campaign objectives.
- Jump up ^ Lichtman, Marc (2014). "Antifragile Electronic Warfare". arXiv preprint arXiv:1409.5429. Retrieved September 29, 2014.
General references[edit]
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Electronic warfare - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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[PDF]OFFENSIVE ELECTRONIC WARFARE (SC 25C-RC)
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Electronic Warfare Battalion officer: We are in a race against ...
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13 Soldiers Killed in Eastern Ukraineby webdesk@voanews.com (Reuters, VOA News)
Authorities in Kiev say at least 13 Ukrainian soldiers, and seven civilians, have been killed over the past 24 hours in fighting in the eastern part of the country, following the collapse of peace talks aimed at de-escalating the crisis. At least 20 soldiers were also wounded as separatists attacked villages around the strategic transport hub of Debaltseve. Seven civilians died in fighting and shelling in the self-declared separatist region of Donetsk and around Lugansk....
Kiev calls for high-tech gadgetry and training to combat an “electronic warfare” offensive
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