Permanent global multidimensional (hybrid) warfare as Russian military-political strategy - Google Search

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Russian hybrid warfare: what are effects-based network operations and how to counteract them

2015/01/17


Article by: Vitalii Usenko and Dmytro Usenko
The strategy of a hybrid or irregular war followed by real war was developed in the USSR. The same scenario was used by USSR during the ‘liberation’ of Poland, Bessarabia, Bukovyna, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and the attempt to ‘liberate’ Finland in 1939-1940. This liberation is now being justified as a Soviet attempt to secure its borders against Hitler, which is the same justification Russia uses now, 75 years later: “to secure its borders against NATO”. Not only USSR experience was essential in development of new Russian hybrid warfare concept. Russia in developing its hybrid warfare strategy used scientific developments of US think tanks and lessons learned by US Army and Nato. This review tries to cover possible origins of Russian hybrid warfare strategy for better understanding and forecasting possible Russian moves.
Since its formation in 1922 following communist doctrine the USSR has made accusations against every country in the world with the deliberate intention of concealing its own role as the instigator.

-
‘You Can’t Always Get What You Want’ – Rolling Stones, Let it Bleed, 1969

Recently, Frank Hoffman, in connection with Ukraine, has suggested that hybrid threats involve an adversary employing 
‘a tailored mix of conventional weapons, irregular tactics, terrorism, and criminal behavior in the same time and battlespace to obtain their political objectives’.7 This suggests a command authority that is able to choreograph the various operations to achieve the greatest synergy in pursuit of specified goals. 
...
In the end, however, the case of Ukraine confirms the mundane observation that in disputes over territory, the most effective forms of control involve regular armed forces and superior firepower, but that physical control does not ensure a functioning economy and society.
...
The first stage of this crisis demonstrated poor crisis management. The second stage proved that in a struggle over territory, superior force makes a difference. However, without popular support, along with economic and administrative capacity, Russia would struggle to transform seized territory into a viable political entity. After many months of effort, Russia had achieved limited gains, but at high cost. The situation had yet to stabilise. In limited war you don’t always get what you want. Nor do you get much satisfaction.

Ukraine and the Art of Limited War - by Lawrence Freedman - IISS - An earlier version of this article appeared on the web magazine War on the Rocks on 8 October 2014.


Hybrid threats are “Any adversary that simultaneously employs a tailored mix of conventional weapons, irregular tactics, terrorism, and criminal behavior in the same time and battlespace to obtain their political objectives.”
This captures both states and non-state actors, who employ four different modes of conflict within a theater or battlespace. However, other definitions exist that focus more on composite scenarios where multiple actors are operating.
This definition adequately represents what the Russians (and their Chechen mercenaries and Ossetian militias) did in Georgia in 2008, and it dovetails quite well with how the Russians are fighting in Ukraine. For this reason, NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen accused Russia of conducting “hybrid warfare” in an interview recently. The criminal aspects of the Ukrainian situation are not as evident so far, but the catastrophic terrorism posed by the shooting down of MH17 is obvious (even if the incident is a gross accident)...
Clearly, however, the Russians, like the Iranians and Hezbollah, are evolving and incorporating more violent and lethal conventional capabilities, blended with tactics we have associated with terrorists or irregular conflict. The categorization of these operations as Putin’s “new warfare” is partially correct, but perhaps better captured by hybrid rather than political or “new.” ...
Surprisingly, despite hybrid examples like Hezbollah in 2006 and Georgia in 2008 (and 30 years against evolving Middle East terrorists), unconventional warfare or hybrid threats are not mentioned in key defense planning documents, including the Quadrennial Defense Review. I doubt the National Defense Panel will pick up the challenge either. We have retreated from gray area conflicts and Shadow Wars to chase the next big shiny thing, whether it’s the rise of robotic warfare or some imaginary, long shot disruptive threat. Unconventional warfare challenges should certainly be addressed in the next iteration of the National Security Strategy, but I would not hold my breath. General Barno and David Maxwell have identified a critical shortfall in our approach to this challenge. These threats are not new, but our vulnerability to them is more acute than we realize.
The shortfall is not just within the U.S. military’s conception of conflict: our entire national security community is chasing its tail on vague transnational challenges and climate change. We are too narrowly focused on more traditional but increasingly rare modes of warfare, and overlooking the unconventional approaches used by our Russian and Chinese competitors. They do not delude themselves with neat orthodoxies about categories and Clausewitzian models about how “real wars” are fought and won. Neither should we.

Political Warfare vs Hybrid Threats - by Frank Hoffman - July 28, 2014 · in Analysis



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  1. A Tempest in a Teacup: Forget Hybrid Warfare! | The Diplomat

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    Feb 14, 2015 - Hybrid warfare is much ado about nothing -- at least for now. ... However, the word hybrid — merely describing the mix of components in this form of conflict ... It is the scope of this form of warfare — including the media, organized crime, and business – that is truly .... Maybe you can see action against ISIS!
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    Jan 27, 2015 - Backward “and” Forward: 4GW Orientation On War – part 3 ... ISIS is a 4GW- hybridharbinger of things to come. ... for cash and biker gangs with connections to organized crime that can help them achieve their goals.” (Reuters  ...
  4. The Military Balance 2015 | IISS

    <a href="http://www.iiss.org/.../the-military-ba" rel="nofollow">www.iiss.org/.../the-military-ba</a>...
    International Institute for Strategic Studies
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    Feb 11, 2015 - Chapter 1, Part III: Hybrid warfare: challenge and response ... al-Sham (ISIS) proclaiming in the summer a caliphate spanning parts of both countries. ... to combat drug trafficking and other organised crime continued in 2014.
  5. [PDF]HYBRID WARS: 21 CENTURY'S NEW THREATS TO ...

    <a href="http://www.researchgate.net/" rel="nofollow">www.researchgate.net/</a>...HYBRID_WARS.../54aac2b40cf2bce6aa1d61c3...
    by SDOV Bachmann - ‎2014 - ‎Related articles
    HYBRID WAR – RUSSIA's WAR IN UKRAINE – ISLAMIST ISIS AND THE ... in various capacities as a Lieutenant Colonel (Army Reserve) taking part in .... asymmetric conflict scenarios, global terrorism, piracy, transnational organized crime,.
  6. Sic Semper Tyrannis : THE "HYBRID" TERROR CELL ...

    turcopolier.typepad.com/.../the-hybrid-terror-cell-behind-the-paris-attack...
    Jan 21, 2015 - In truth, until he shot two police officers on the morning of January 8th 2015, ... they have a long criminal past and could be part of Coulibaly's network of ... both with organised crimeand radical islam to achieve the group's goals. ... "hybrid" cell, mixing trained Al Qaeda operatives with ISIS returnees, would  ...
  7. [PDF]Transnational Weekly - George C. Marshall European ...

    <a href="https://members.marshallcenter.org/.../TransnationalWeekly_11Nov14_i" rel="nofollow">https://members.marshallcenter.org/.../TransnationalWeekly_11Nov14_i</a>...
    Nov 11, 2014 - ISIS. Counterterrorism Strategies. SEMINAR ON TRANSNATIONAL CIVIL ... TheOrganized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project tracked down one of the bankers ... As part of the United Kingdom Cyber Security Strategy, the government has .... Ukraine crisis and Russia's use of “hybrid warfare” in this  ...
  8. List / Articles / Security Watch / ISN

    <a href="http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Security-Watch/Articles/List" rel="nofollow">www.isn.ethz.ch/Security-Watch/Articles/List</a>
    Why have so many Muslim states become hotbeds of organized crime? ... Hybrid warfare may have its roots in past conflicts but it also has the power to transform ... The recent murder of Japanese hostages by ISIS has renewed debates about ... a lengthy multigenerational conflict in which child soldiers will play a major part.
  9. Why ISIS Is Our Problem - The New Yorker

    <a href="http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/09/08/return-" rel="nofollow">www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/09/08/return-</a>war
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    Sep 8, 2014 - ISIS is increasingly a hybrid organization, on the model of Hezbollah—part terrorist network, part guerrilla army, part proto-state. ... The question about President Obama's resumption of war in Iraq is not whether it can be  ...
  10. Show Me the Terrorists' Money? Easier Said Than Done

    ciceromagazine.com/.../show-me-the-terrorists-money-easier-said-than-d...
    Feb 4, 2015 - ISIS racketeering networks have hobbled businesses within their territory much asorganized crime syndicates have operated for decades.
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  1. A Tempest in a Teacup: Forget Hybrid Warfare! | The Diplomat

    thediplomat.com/.../a-tempest-in-a-teacup-forget-hybrid-w...
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    Feb 14, 2015 - Hybrid warfare is much ado about nothing -- at least for now. ... It is the scope of this form of warfare — including the media, organized crime, and ... the various components of hybrid war have been used in previous conflicts.
  2. [PDF]Identifying Emerging Hybrid Adversaries - Strategic Studies ...

    strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/.../Bowers.pdf
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    by CO BOWERS - ‎2012 - ‎Cited by 4 - ‎Related articles
    ies and hybrid warfare, demonstrating how armed groups from less-developed. Christopher O. ...part in organized criminal activities. This only means they are  ...
  3. The 'Gerasimov Doctrine' and Russian Non-Linear War | In ...

    <a href="https://inmoscowsshadows.wordpress.com/.../the-gerasimov-doctrine-and" rel="nofollow">https://inmoscowsshadows.wordpress.com/.../the-gerasimov-doctrine-and</a>...
    Jul 6, 2014 - Call it non-linear war (which I prefer), or hybrid war, or special war, Russia's ... I propose that the Academy of Military Science also take active part. .... political and strategic links with ” ordinary ” organised crimes and criminals.
  4. Hybrid warfare - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_warfare
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    Organization[show] ... 1 Other definitions; 2 Similar examples of Hybrid warfare in history; 3 See also ... of conventional weapons, irregular warfare, terrorism and criminal behaviour in the ... Jump up to: a b c d e "Hybrid vs. compound war".
  5. On Not-So-New Warfare: Political Warfare vs Hybrid Threats

    warontherocks.com/.../on-not-so-new-warfare-political-warfare-vs-hybri...
    Jul 28, 2014 - Where are the experts in this field, and how are they organized and structured? ...irregular tactics, terrorism, and criminal behavior in the same time ... Putin's purportedly new form ofwarfare as “masked warfare,” part of the  ...
  6. Guest post: Russia's hybrid war as international corporate ...

    <a href="http://blogs.ft.com" rel="nofollow">blogs.ft.com</a> › Comment › Blogs
    Financial Times
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    Jan 21, 2015 - As Mark Galleotti, an expert on transnational crime and security, argued in an article for Vice, organized crime is closely intertwined with the separatist fighters. Russia's hybrid warintroduces virtuality to its conduct of international ... to what degree the conflict in Ukraine can spread to other parts of Europe.
  7. Ukraine: Russia's new art of war - FT.com

    <a href="http://www.ft.com" rel="nofollow">www.ft.com</a> › Comment
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    Aug 28, 2014 - “What we have seen in Ukraine is part of a much broader process that most people ...Russia is happy to bribe and use organised crime as a tool. ... In a world of hyper competition, hybrid warfare or non-linear conflict, says Mr  ...
  8. [PDF]Thoughts on “Hybrid” Conflict - Small Wars Journal

    smallwarsjournal.com/blog/journal/.../188-glenn.pdf
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    by RW Glenn - ‎Cited by 7 - ‎Related articles
    Feb 24, 2009 - kind of hybrid warfare that many defense analysts believe will be a defining feature of the ... tailored mix of conventional, irregular, terrorism and criminal means or activities in the .... It has political, social, diplomatic, and informational components that provide bedrock support for its militaryorganization.
  9. The 21st Century Hybrid Threat: Part Terrorist, Part ...

    <a href="http://www.defenceiq.com" rel="nofollow">www.defenceiq.com</a> › Air, Land and Sea Defence Services › Articles
    Oct 9, 2012 - The 21st Century Hybrid Threat: Part Terrorist, Part Insurgent, Part Criminal by ... Law enforcement dealt with its respective country's organised crime problem, ... to be political prisoners or prisoners of war and not criminals.
  10. [PDF]Hybrid Warfare - Joint Special Operations University

    jsou.socom.mil/.../JSOU%2013-4_McCulloh,Johnson_Hybrid%20Warfa...
    by T McCulloh - ‎2013 - ‎Related articles
    Aug 4, 2013 - Soviet Partisan Network as a Hybrid Organization .......... ...... 27. 4. ... of hybrid warfare are defined as: (1) a hybrid force's composition, capabili- .... force of criminal bandits, regular soldiers, and unregulated fighters employed.
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  1. A Tempest in a Teacup: Forget Hybrid Warfare! | The Diplomat

    thediplomat.com/.../a-tempest-in-a-teacup-forget-hybrid-w...
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    Feb 14, 2015 - Hybrid warfare is much ado about nothing -- at least for now. ... It is the scope of this form of warfare — including the media, organized crime, and ... the various components of hybrid war have been used in previous conflicts.
  2. Hybrid warfare - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_warfare
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    1 Other definitions; 2 Similar examples of Hybrid warfare in history; 3 See also ... of conventional weapons, irregular warfare, terrorism and criminal behaviour in  ...
  3. On Not-So-New Warfare: Political Warfare vs Hybrid Threats

    warontherocks.com/.../on-not-so-new-warfare-political-warfare-vs-hybri...
    Jul 28, 2014 - The criminal aspects of the Ukrainian situation are not as evident so far, but the ...recognized Putin's purportedly new form of warfare as “masked warfare,” part of the KGB ... Tags:Hybrid warfare, political warfare, small wars  ...
  4. [PDF]Thoughts on “Hybrid” Conflict - Small Wars Journal

    smallwarsjournal.com/blog/journal/.../188-glenn.pdf
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    by RW Glenn - ‎Cited by 7 - ‎Related articles
    Feb 24, 2009 - kind of hybrid warfare that many defense analysts believe will be a defining ... tailored mix of conventional, irregular, terrorism and criminal means or activities .... It has political, social, diplomatic, and informational components.
  5. NATO Preparation For Russia's Hybrid Warfare ...

    <a href="http://www.iar-gwu.org/content/nato-preparation-russia’s-" rel="nofollow">www.iar-gwu.org/content/nato-preparation-russia’s-</a>hybrid-warfare
    Feb 10, 2015 - Hybrid warfare is not a new phenomenon in modern military history, but ... of the line between soldiers and civilians, criminal and terrorist behavior, and ... to cyber operations, a major asymmetric component of hybrid warfare.
  6. [PDF]Hybrid Warfare - Joint Special Operations University

    jsou.socom.mil/.../JSOU%2013-4_McCulloh,Johnson_Hybrid%20Warfa...
    by T McCulloh - ‎2013 - ‎Related articles
    Aug 4, 2013 - of hybrid warfare are defined as: (1) a hybrid force's composition, capabili .... force ofcriminal bandits, regular soldiers, and unregulated fighters  ...
  7. [PDF]Defeating Future Hybrid Threats - US Army Combined Arms ...

    usacac.army.mil/.../MilitaryReview_20131031_art00...
    United States Army
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    Oct 31, 2013 - The regular forces portion of the hybrid threat consists of national ... acts as tacticscriminal elements employ in a war enabled through  ...
  8. Turmoil and hybrid warfare: the Netherlands and CSDP ...

    <a href="http://www.europeangeostrategy.org/.../turmoil-" rel="nofollow">www.europeangeostrategy.org/.../turmoil-</a>hybrid-warfare-netherlands-cs...
    Feb 11, 2015 - Turmoil and hybrid warfare: the Netherlands and CSDP ... separatists; criminal and subversive activities; deployment of foreign direct investments, ... In hybrid warfare, thesecomponents become blurred into the same strategy,  ...
  9. [PDF]Counter-Unconventional Warfare - Public Intelligence

    <a href="https://info.publicintelligence.net/USASOC-CounterUnconventional" rel="nofollow">https://info.publicintelligence.net/USASOC-CounterUnconventional</a>Warf...
    Sep 26, 2014 - When executed a part of a broader Hybrid Warfare campaign as is the case for ... the distinction between regular government forces, criminal.
  10. On Not-So-New Warfare: Political Warfare vs. Hybrid ... - ISN

    <a href="http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail/?id=182335" rel="nofollow">www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail/?id=182335</a>
    Aug 4, 2014 - This article was originally published by War on the Rocks on 28 July 2014. ... extends the definition beyond the political or diplomatic component. ... irregular tactics, terrorism, and criminalbehavior in the same time and  ...
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Hybrid warfare - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Hybrid warfare is a military strategy that blends conventional warfareirregular warfare andcyberwarfare.[1] In addition, hybrid warfare is used to describe attacks by nuclearbiological andchemical weaponsimprovised explosive devices and information warfare.[2] This approach toconflicts is a potent, complex variation of warfare.[3] By combining kinetic operations with subversive efforts, the aggressor intends to avoid attribution or retribution.[4] Hybrid warfare can be used to describe the flexible and complex dynamics of the battlespace requiring a highly adaptable and resilient response.[1][2]

Other definitions[edit]

United States Marine Corps Lt. Col. Bill Nemeth’s defined hybrid warfare as “the contemporary form of guerrilla warfare” that “employs both modern technology and modern mobilization methods.”[5]
Nathan Freier of the Center for Strategic and International Studies was one of key people that originally defined hybrid warfare involving four threats: (1) traditional; (2) irregular; (3) catastrophic terrorism; and (4) disruptive, which exploit technology to counteract military superiority.[5]
Retired United States Army Col. Jack McCuen defines hybrid warfare as the focus of activity ofasymmetric warfare, fought on three decisive battlegrounds: (1) within the conflict zone population; (2) home front population; and (3) international community.[5]
David Kilcullen author of the book “The Accidental Guerrilla” states hybrid warfare is the best explanation for modern conflicts, but highlights that it includes a combination of irregular warfare, civil warinsurgency and terrorism.[5]
The journalist Frank G. Hoffman defines a hybrid warfare as any enemy that uses simultaneous and adaptive employment of a complex combination of conventional weapons, irregular warfare, terrorism and criminal behaviour in the battlespace to achieve political objectives.[5]
In November 2005, USMC Lieutenant General James N. Mattis, and USMCR Lieutenant Colonel Frank G. Hoffman, (Ret.) called "Hybrid Wars" an extension of the Three Block War to a Four Block War.[6]
Undersecretary of the Navy Robert O. Work has said that hostile forces would use “hybrid warriors” hidden in civilian populations.[7]
As of September 2012, the term Hybrid Warfare is not found in any official Joint Doctrine Publications, and this non-doctrinal term is not accepted by military planners.

Similar examples of Hybrid warfare in history[edit]

Hezbollah was described as using hybrid warfare in the 2006 Lebanon War.[citation needed] During this conflict, Hezbollah fought the Israeli military to a standstill by engaging them from either concealed, fixed positions and underground tunnel complexes (emulating the Viet Cong) or by conventional infantry combat maneuvers in Lebanese villages. The outcome of these tactics were that the Israel Defense Forces failed to conquer a single village along by the Israel-Lebanon border, in the time of its two-week ground assault on Hezbollah. Israel's greatest strengths, namely having a modern and capable armoured corps and air force, were nullified by Hezbollah fighters utilizing hardened bunkers and modern Russian ATGMs, capable of destroying any known type of armoured vehicle. At one point, Hezbollah utilized an C-802 anti-shipping cruise missile that severely damaged the corvette INS Hanit and killed four Israeli sailors on board.
This was combined by Hezbollah succeeding in hacking into Israeli communication and Israeli soldiers' mobile phones to receive first-hand knowledge about enemy troop movements, communications and casualties.
According to a Russian researcher Vladimir Voronov, the concept of "hybrid war", that became popular again with the outbreak of the War in Donbass, was already employed by USSR in 1920's and 30's. He gave examples of Soviet-inspired military activity within PolandChinese Eastern Railway and Korea.[8]

See also[edit]

Further reading[edit]

References[edit]

External links[edit]

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information war as component of hybrid war - Google Search

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  1. Russian propaganda as a component of a hybrid war

    tyszecki.blogactiv.eu/.../russian-propaganda-as-a-component-of-a-hybrid...
    Feb 9, 2015 - One of the most important elements of hybrid war is an information war. The citizens of Russia, Crimea, the south-east of Ukraine have already  ...
  2. Russia's war against Ukraine and the whole world

    <a href="http://www.stopfake.org/en/russia-s-" rel="nofollow">www.stopfake.org/en/russia-s-</a>war-against-ukraine-and-the-whole-world/
    Aug 10, 2014 - Such kind of war combines military, information, terrorist and other .... relating toinformation warfare as an integral component of a hybrid war:.
  3. Russian propaganda as a component of a hybrid war - CNN ...

    ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-1214206
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    Feb 9, 2015 - One of the most important elements of hybrid war is an information war. The citizens of Russia, Crimea, the south-east of Ukraine have already  ...
  4. Hybrid warfare - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_warfare
    Wikipedia
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    Hybrid War: A New Paradigm for Stability Operations in Failing States. ... Glenn, Russell W. "Thoughts on Hybrid Conflict". ... Information Week Government.
  5. Russian propaganda as a component of a hybrid war - Topix

    <a href="http://www.topix.com/forum/us/TQDA478KH754CGMKI" rel="nofollow">www.topix.com/forum/us/TQDA478KH754CGMKI</a>
    Feb 8, 2015 - 1 post - ‎1 author
    One of the most important elements of hybrid war is an information war. ... aggressive government policy by the most part of the Russians may  ...
  6. UPDATE: Russia's hybrid war in Ukraine 'is working' - IHS ...

    <a href="http://www.janes.com/.../update-russia-s-" rel="nofollow">www.janes.com/.../update-russia-s-</a>hybrid-war-i...
    Jane's Information Group
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    Feb 26, 2015 - Russian-style hybrid war in Ukraine, according to the Potomac Foundation. ... against NATO) was a dress-rehearsal for parts of the Ukraine campaign and ... Russia's information warfarecampaign includes budgeting for the  ...
  7. Academia.edu | Documents in Hybrid War - Academia.edu

    <a href="http://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/" rel="nofollow">www.academia.edu/Documents/in/</a>Hybrid_War
    Academia.edu
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    The role of NATO as known from the Cold War... more ... the perspective of hybrid warfare and itscomponent of information operations and analyzes consequent  ...
  8. Parubiy: Russia's war against Ukraine and the world ...

    euromaidanpress.com/2014/.../russias-war-against-ukraine-and-the-world...
    Aug 7, 2014 - In general, the controlled war of chaos or hybrid war involves three .... Cyber war —component of the information war, which is designed to  ...
  9. “Hybrid warfare” as a key instrument of the Russian revenge ...

    uaposition.com/hybrid-warfare-as-a-key-instrument-of-the-russian-reven...
    Feb 18, 2015 - Russia used against Ukraine concept of “hybrid war”, which in many ..... Although theinformation component was truly cross-cutting theme of  ...
  10. Kremlin hybrid war against Ukraine and the EU: energy ...

    geostrategy.org.ua/.../585-gibridnaya-voyna-kremlya-protiv-ukrainyi-i-es-...
    Oct 27, 2014 - The term «hybrid war» means wide spectrum of hostile acts, where the role of militarycomponent is rather small. Political, information and  ...
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Russia Update: Suspect Dadayev Tied to Ruslan Geremeyev, Says Source

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President Vladimir Putin arrives in Astana, March 20, 2015. Photo by Presidential Press Service
Welcome to our column, Russia Update, where we will be closely following day-to-day developments in Russia, including the Russian government’s foreign and domestic policies.
The previous issue is here.
President Vladimir Putin arrived in Astana, Kazakhstan for a trilateral summit with Kazakhstani President Nursultan Nazarbayev and Belarusian leader Alyaksandr Lukashenka.
UPDATES BELOW
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Please help The Interpreter to continue providing this valuable information service by making a donation towards our costs‏.

Russian hybrid warfare: what are effects-based network operations and how to counteract them -Euromaidan Press |

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2,513,544 2,513,544 2015-03-22 Московская конференция по международной безопасности - Google Search США не смогут завершить вывод войск из Афганистана к концу 2014 года «Возможные варианты развития обстановки в Афганистане после вывода и...
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