2015/01/17
Article by: Vitalii Usenko and Dmytro Usenko
The strategy of a hybrid or irregular war followed by real war was developed in the USSR. The same scenario was used by USSR during the ‘liberation’ of Poland, Bessarabia, Bukovyna, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and the attempt to ‘liberate’ Finland in 1939-1940. This liberation is now being justified as a Soviet attempt to secure its borders against Hitler, which is the same justification Russia uses now, 75 years later: “to secure its borders against NATO”. Not only USSR experience was essential in development of new Russian hybrid warfare concept. Russia in developing its hybrid warfare strategy used scientific developments of US think tanks and lessons learned by US Army and Nato. This review tries to cover possible origins of Russian hybrid warfare strategy for better understanding and forecasting possible Russian moves.
Since its formation in 1922 following communist doctrine the USSR has made accusations against every country in the world with the deliberate intention of concealing its own role as the instigator.
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‘You Can’t Always Get What You Want’ – Rolling Stones, Let it Bleed, 1969
Recently, Frank Hoffman, in connection with Ukraine, has suggested that hybrid threats involve an adversary employing
‘a tailored mix of conventional weapons, irregular tactics, terrorism, and criminal behavior in the same time and battlespace to obtain their political objectives’.7 This suggests a command authority that is able to choreograph the various operations to achieve the greatest synergy in pursuit of specified goals.
...
In the end, however, the case of Ukraine confirms the mundane observation that in disputes over territory, the most effective forms of control involve regular armed forces and superior firepower, but that physical control does not ensure a functioning economy and society.
...
The first stage of this crisis demonstrated poor crisis management. The second stage proved that in a struggle over territory, superior force makes a difference. However, without popular support, along with economic and administrative capacity, Russia would struggle to transform seized territory into a viable political entity. After many months of effort, Russia had achieved limited gains, but at high cost. The situation had yet to stabilise. In limited war you don’t always get what you want. Nor do you get much satisfaction.
Hybrid threats are “Any adversary that simultaneously employs a tailored mix of conventional weapons, irregular tactics, terrorism, and criminal behavior in the same time and battlespace to obtain their political objectives.”
This captures both states and non-state actors, who employ four different modes of conflict within a theater or battlespace. However, other definitions exist that focus more on composite scenarios where multiple actors are operating.
This definition adequately represents what the Russians (and their Chechen mercenaries and Ossetian militias) did in Georgia in 2008, and it dovetails quite well with how the Russians are fighting in Ukraine. For this reason, NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen accused Russia of conducting “hybrid warfare” in an interview recently. The criminal aspects of the Ukrainian situation are not as evident so far, but the catastrophic terrorism posed by the shooting down of MH17 is obvious (even if the incident is a gross accident)...
Clearly, however, the Russians, like the Iranians and Hezbollah, are evolving and incorporating more violent and lethal conventional capabilities, blended with tactics we have associated with terrorists or irregular conflict. The categorization of these operations as Putin’s “new warfare” is partially correct, but perhaps better captured by hybrid rather than political or “new.” ...
Surprisingly, despite hybrid examples like Hezbollah in 2006 and Georgia in 2008 (and 30 years against evolving Middle East terrorists), unconventional warfare or hybrid threats are not mentioned in key defense planning documents, including the Quadrennial Defense Review. I doubt the National Defense Panel will pick up the challenge either. We have retreated from gray area conflicts and Shadow Wars to chase the next big shiny thing, whether it’s the rise of
robotic warfare or some imaginary, long shot
disruptive threat. Unconventional warfare challenges should certainly be addressed in the next iteration of the National Security Strategy, but I would not hold my breath. General Barno and David Maxwell have identified a critical shortfall in our approach to this challenge. These threats are not new, but our vulnerability to them is more acute than we realize.
The shortfall is not just within the U.S. military’s conception of conflict: our entire national security community is chasing its tail on vague transnational challenges and climate change. We are too narrowly focused on more traditional but increasingly rare modes of warfare, and overlooking the unconventional approaches used by our Russian and Chinese competitors. They do not delude themselves with neat orthodoxies about categories and Clausewitzian models about how “real wars” are fought and won. Neither should we.
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euromaidanpress.com/.../russian-hybrid-warfare-what-are-effect-based-n...
Jan 17, 2015 - Russia in developing its hybrid warfare strategy used scientific ... The President, the Secretary of State and the Secretary of Defense undertook a ... Russia is an anti-Western power with a different, darker vision of global politics”, ...... such a campaign could permanently and decisively ruin Russia's ...
csis.org/.../141117_Michta....
Center for Strategic and International Studies
and its use of hybrid warfare in Ukraine,. NATO remains ... political condemnations, the imposition of economic ... NATO countries insist that the permanent ... GLOBAL FORECAST 2015 / 45 ... part of a larger Russian regional military strategy,.
<a href="https://inmoscowsshadows.wordpress.com/.../the-gerasimov-doctrine-and" rel="nofollow">https://inmoscowsshadows.wordpress.com/.../the-gerasimov-doctrine-and</a>...
Jul 6, 2014 - Call it non-linear war (which I prefer), or hybrid war, or special war, Russia's ... true — that precisely these events are typical of warfare in the 21st century. ... The role of nonmilitary means of achieving political and strategic goals ... Desert Storm in Iraq, the U.S. military realized the concept of “global sweep, ...
<a href="http://www.cfr.org" rel="nofollow">www.cfr.org</a> › Russian Federation
Council on Foreign Relations
The Russian military suffered years of neglect after the Soviet collapse and no ... of a historic overhaul with significant consequences for Eurasian politics and security. ... (Russia has the world'slargest fleet of icebreakers, which are regularly .... The International Institute for Strategic Studies describes hybrid warfare as "the ...
blogs.cfr.org/.../counter-unconventional-wa...
Council on Foreign Relations
Oct 23, 2014 - Hybrid warfare has been defined as a combination of conventional, ... military forces; intelligence agents; political provocateurs; media ... strategy include the Russo-Georgian war of August 2008, Russia's .... Is it permanent, temporary? ... and Global Governance Program · Latin America Studies Program.
<a href="https://www.iiss.org/.../" rel="nofollow">https://www.iiss.org/.../</a>military...
International Institute for Strategic Studies
Feb 11, 2015 - ... lead to a permanent, though small, US presence in Eastern Europe. Rediscovering 'hybrid warfare'. The politico-military methods employed by Russia gave NATO and ... Iran, will learn from Russia's recent employment of hybrid warfare. ... zones of political and military competition, mean they have global ...
<a href="https://www.iiss.org/" rel="nofollow">https://www.iiss.org/</a>...global-p...
International Institute for Strategic Studies
Dec 1, 2014 - After many months of effort, Russia has achieved limited gains, but at high cost. ... Publication: Survival: Global Politics and Strategy December 2014–January 2015 ... Once forces of great size and complexity began to clash, a conflict ... On both these issues, I argue that the advantages of hybrid warfare ...
<a href="http://www.sldinfo.com/" rel="nofollow">www.sldinfo.com/</a>russia-hybrid-war-and-the-evolution-of-europe/
Feb 14, 2015 - Russia is conducting hybrid war in Europe. ... i.e. destroying or at least permanentlyenfeebling regimes that oppose US (or in actuality Russian) interests. ... These non-militaryinstruments of this strategy comprise the following elements: ... [v] It represents what is called in the West political warfare although ...
<a href="http://www.gmfus.org/file/4272/download" rel="nofollow">www.gmfus.org/file/4272/download</a>
1 Frank Hoffmann, “On Not-So-New Warfare: Political. Warfare vs Hybrid .... The Russian military'sthinking of hybrid warfare has, in its entirety, been put in ...
ftalphaville.ft.com/files/2014/11/rp_105.pdf
Russia's Hybrid Warfare. Waging War below ... to achieve political and strategic objectives has in some cases proved far ... creation of a permanent front throughout the enemy state, as well as the ...Russian military leaders came to the conclusion that the ..... Russian officials offered strange explanations to the world public.
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<a href="http://www.realclear" rel="nofollow">www.realclear</a>defense.com/.../how_should_nato_respond_to_russias_hy...
4 days ago - We warned last year (The Way to Avoid Wars: Article 5 and Strategic Reassurance Revisited) that any move by Russian forces into Eastern ... by NATO, it does require NATO to reactpolitically when Ukraine is attacked. For the ...
euromaidanpress.com/.../russian-hybrid-warfare-what-are-effect-based-n...
Jan 17, 2015 - Russia in developing its hybrid warfare strategy used scientific developments .....Forces are troops designated to achieve Russian political and ...
<a href="http://www.iar-gwu.org/content/nato-preparation-" rel="nofollow">www.iar-gwu.org/content/nato-preparation-</a>russia’s-hybrid-warfare
Feb 10, 2015 - Hybrid warfare is not a new phenomenon in modern military history, but ... Russian political elite retaliated with a hostile information operation ...
freebeacon.com/.../russia-china-iran-wagin...
The Washington Free Beacon
Nov 25, 2014 - U.S. currently lacks strategy to counter political, information warfare ... component of a hybrid warfare effort involving conventional forces, ...
<a href="https://inmoscowsshadows.wordpress.com/.../the-gerasimov-doctrine-and" rel="nofollow">https://inmoscowsshadows.wordpress.com/.../the-gerasimov-doctrine-and</a>...
Jul 6, 2014 - Call it non-linear war (which I prefer), or hybrid war, or special war, Russia's ... alliances with greater raw military, political and economic power, new tactics ... true — that precisely these events are typical of warfare in the 21st century. ... The role of nonmilitary means of achieving political and strategic goals ...
<a href="http://www.jamestown.org/programs/.../single/?" rel="nofollow">www.jamestown.org/programs/.../single/?</a>...
Oct 17, 2014 - In fact, “hybrid warfare” reflects two quite distinctive and misleading ... By April 2014,Russia's political-military elite were so buoyed by the ...
advanced.jhu.edu/.../GOV1501_WhitePaper_B...
Civilian nonviolent defense offers important short and long-term strategic ..... The Russian hybrid warfare against Ukraine relied on political mobilization of a ...
blogs.cfr.org/.../counter-unconventional-wa...
Council on Foreign Relations
Oct 23, 2014 - Hybrid warfare has been defined as a combination of conventional, irregular, and ...military forces; intelligence agents; political provocateurs; media ... of this strategy include the Russo-Georgian war of August 2008, Russia's ...
csis.org/.../russias-hybrid-w...
Center for Strategic and International Studies
Mar 10, 2015 - The Russian Military Forum: Russia's Hybrid War Campaign: ... Dr. Karber, who is also a former DOD official and veteran defense analyst, will discuss Russia's "hybrid warfare" ...Center for Strategic and International Studies ... Book Launch: Intimate Rivals - Japanese DomesticPolitics and a Rising China.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_warfare
Hybrid warfare is a military strategy that blends conventional warfare, irregular ... and criminal behaviour in the battlespace to achieve political objectives. ... According to a Russian researcher Vladimir Voronov, the concept of "hybrid war", that ...
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en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_warfare
Hybrid warfare is a military strategy that blends conventional warfare, ... According to a Russianresearcher Vladimir Voronov, the concept of "hybrid war", that ...
<a href="http://www.realclear" rel="nofollow">www.realclear</a>defense.com/.../how_should_nato_respond_to_russias_hy...
4 days ago - We warned last year (The Way to Avoid Wars: Article 5 and Strategic Reassurance Revisited) that any move by Russian forces into Eastern ...
<a href="http://www.jamestown.org/programs/.../single/?" rel="nofollow">www.jamestown.org/programs/.../single/?</a>...
Oct 17, 2014 - ... Assessment of Russia's 'Hybrid Warfare' Strategy Since the Start of ... it presents an opportunity to reflect on Russia's use of military power ...
blogs.cfr.org/.../counter-unconventional-wa...
Council on Foreign Relations
Oct 23, 2014 - Hybrid warfare has been defined as a combination of conventional, ... of this strategyinclude the Russo-Georgian war of August 2008, Russia's ...
<a href="http://www.nato.int/.../" rel="nofollow">www.nato.int/.../</a>russia.../Rus...
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
conventional forces who were used,. but rather unorthodox. and varied techniques,. which have been dubbed. hybrid warfare. Russia is using it to try to play.
<a href="https://inmoscowsshadows.wordpress.com/.../the-gerasimov-doctrine-and" rel="nofollow">https://inmoscowsshadows.wordpress.com/.../the-gerasimov-doctrine-and</a>...
Jul 6, 2014 - Call it non-linear war (which I prefer), or hybrid war, or special war, ... is true — that precisely these events are typical of warfare in the 21st century. ... The role of nonmilitary means of achieving political and strategic goals has ...
advanced.jhu.edu/.../GOV1501_WhitePaper_B...
D.C., where he teaches graduate courses on strategic nonviolent conflict. Nonviolent Civilian Defenseto. Counter Russian Hybrid Warfare by Maciej Bartkowski ...
csis.org/.../russias-hybrid-w...
Center for Strategic and International Studies
Mar 10, 2015 - ... on the techniques of Russian hybrid warfare, evaluate their effectiveness, and explore their ... Video: Russia's Hybrid War Campaign: Implications for Ukraine and Beyond ... Center for Strategic and International Studies
euromaidanpress.com/.../russian-hybrid-warfare-what-are-effect-based-n...
Jan 17, 2015 - Russia in developing its hybrid warfare strategy used scientific developments of US think tanks and lessons learned by US Army and Nato.
<a href="http://www.nonviolent-conflict.org" rel="nofollow">www.nonviolent-conflict.org</a>...
International Center on Nonviolent Conflict
Russia: Nonviolent civilian defense to counter Russian hybrid warfare ... In this paper, the well-established tenets of strategic nonviolent conflict are laid out; ...
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en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_warfare
1 Other definitions; 2 Similar examples of Hybrid warfare in history; 3 See also ... of a complex combination of conventional weapons, irregular warfare, terrorism ...
<a href="http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail/?lng=en&id=189134" rel="nofollow">www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail/?lng=en&id=189134</a>
2 days ago - Modern hybrid war that simultaneously combines conventional, irregular, and terrorist components is a complex challenge that requires an ...
warontherocks.com/.../on-not-so-new-warfare-political-warfare-vs-hybri...
Jul 28, 2014 - War on the Rocks is expanding, and we need your help! ... The employment of “all means” extends the definition beyond the political or diplomatic component. ... or civilian adversaries, with the potential for terrorism, criminality and other complications. ... Tags: Hybrid warfare, political warfare, small wars ...
smallwarsjournal.com/blog/journal/.../188-glenn.pdf
Feb 24, 2009 - kind of hybrid warfare that many defense analysts believe will be a defining ... tailored mix of conventional, irregular, terrorism and criminal means or activities .... It has political, social, diplomatic, and informational components.
thediplomat.com/.../a-tempest-in-a-teacup-forget-hybrid-w...
Feb 14, 2015 - Hybrid warfare is much ado about nothing -- at least for now. ... cyberattacks; and proxies and surrogates, para-militaries, terrorist, and criminal ... the various components of hybrid war have been used in previous conflicts.
<a href="http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA589058" rel="nofollow">www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA589058</a>
Since hybrid warfare attempts to defeat a nation's will, a ..... The military and terrorist components of Hybrid Warfare are largely intended to generate ...
freebeacon.com/.../russia-china-iran-wagin...
The Washington Free Beacon
Nov 25, 2014 - “This challenge is hybrid warfare combining conventional, irregular, and ... most game-changing component of a hybrid warfare effort involving .... Iran's main use of unconventional warfare is its support for terrorism and ...
jsou.socom.mil/.../JSOU%2013-4_McCulloh,Johnson_Hybrid%20Warfa...
Aug 4, 2013 - Confronting the Terrorism of Boko Haram in Nigeria, May 2012, .... of hybrid warfareare defined as: (1) a hybrid force's composition, capabili-.
<a href="http://www.armedforcesjournal.com/" rel="nofollow">www.armedforcesjournal.com/</a>hybrid-vs-compoun...
Oct 1, 2009 - Bill Nemeth's graduate work on Chechnya and hybrid warfare is ... would often straddle the boundary between guerrilla warfare and terrorism.
<a href="http://www.europeangeostrategy.org/.../turmoil-" rel="nofollow">www.europeangeostrategy.org/.../turmoil-</a>hybrid-warfare-netherlands-cs...
Feb 11, 2015 - Transnational threats such as international terrorism and drug and ... In hybrid warfare, these components become blurred into the same ...
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Oct 7, 2014 - ISIS makes around $1 million a day, sources say; Oil smuggling isn't the only way it generates revenue; Experts: ISIS is like organized crime, ...
<a href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/.../syria-s-jihadists-linked-to-" rel="nofollow">www.thedailybeast.com/.../syria-s-jihadists-linked-to-</a>org...
Dec 9, 2013 - Because of funding and weapons-supply challenges, al-Nusra and ISIS are increasingly open to dealing with cross-border crime groups and ...
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Aug 18, 2014 - Refugees fleeing ISIS offensive pour into Kurdistan (Spencer ... As Tilly observed, “If protection rackets represent organized crime at its ...
<a href="http://www.nydailynews.com/.../" rel="nofollow">www.nydailynews.com/.../</a>isis-funds-reign-terror-article-1.1931...
Sep 8, 2014 - Most important, ISIS raises much of its money just as a well-organized criminal gang would do. It smuggles, it extorts, it skims, it fences, ...
<a href="http://www.havocscope.com/" rel="nofollow">www.havocscope.com/</a>organized-crime/
Information about organized crime groups, their membership, and their ... Extortion Money - Honduras: $62.6 Million per year; Extortion Money - ISIS: $1 Million ...
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Sep 11, 2014 - "The tax system was well-organized. They took money from small merchants, petrol station owners, generator owners, small factories, big ...
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Oct 23, 2014 - "With the important exception of some state-sponsored terrorist organizations, ISIS is probably the best-funded terrorist organization we have ...
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United States Naval Institute
Oct 27, 2014 - By doing so, a significant amount of ISIS assets are out of reach from ... Organized crime in Iraq has been profiting from the exploitation of ...
<a href="http://www.breakingisraelnews.com/.../islamic-state-became-best-funded-terror" rel="nofollow">www.breakingisraelnews.com/.../islamic-state-became-best-funded-terror</a>...
Sep 7, 2014 - “[Islamic State's] criminal activities—robbery, extortion, and trafficking—have helped the organization become the best-funded terrorist group in ...
<a href="http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/.../countering_terrorism_and_transnation" rel="nofollow">www.securitycouncilreport.org/.../countering_terrorism_and_transnation</a>...
Nov 26, 2014 - Countering Terrorism and Transnational Organised Crime ... of Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS) and Al Nusra Front revenue generation that are related ...
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thediplomat.com/.../a-tempest-in-a-teacup-forget-hybrid-w...
Feb 14, 2015 - Hybrid warfare is much ado about nothing -- at least for now. ... However, the word hybrid — merely describing the mix of components in this form of conflict ... It is the scope of this form of warfare — including the media, organized crime, and business – that is truly .... Maybe you can see action against ISIS!
fabiusmaximus.com/2015/01/28/isis-islamic-state-4gw-future-77446/
Jan 28, 2015 - Backward “and” Forward: 4GW Orientation On War – part 4. Our 4GW foes organize in innovative ways. The success of ISIS and allied extremists is more than just ... and Net Warriors“, J. P. Sullivan, Transnational Organized Crime, Autumn 1997. ... The threats posed by 4GW andhybrid warfare are stark.
fabiusmaximus.com/2015/01/27/4gw-isis-military-skills-tactics-77326/
Jan 27, 2015 - Backward “and” Forward: 4GW Orientation On War – part 3 ... ISIS is a 4GW- hybridharbinger of things to come. ... for cash and biker gangs with connections to organized crime that can help them achieve their goals.” (Reuters ...
<a href="http://www.iiss.org/.../the-military-ba" rel="nofollow">www.iiss.org/.../the-military-ba</a>...
International Institute for Strategic Studies
Feb 11, 2015 - Chapter 1, Part III: Hybrid warfare: challenge and response ... al-Sham (ISIS) proclaiming in the summer a caliphate spanning parts of both countries. ... to combat drug trafficking and other organised crime continued in 2014.
<a href="http://www.researchgate.net/" rel="nofollow">www.researchgate.net/</a>...HYBRID_WARS.../54aac2b40cf2bce6aa1d61c3...
HYBRID WAR – RUSSIA's WAR IN UKRAINE – ISLAMIST ISIS AND THE ... in various capacities as a Lieutenant Colonel (Army Reserve) taking part in .... asymmetric conflict scenarios, global terrorism, piracy, transnational organized crime,.
turcopolier.typepad.com/.../the-hybrid-terror-cell-behind-the-paris-attack...
Jan 21, 2015 - In truth, until he shot two police officers on the morning of January 8th 2015, ... they have a long criminal past and could be part of Coulibaly's network of ... both with organised crimeand radical islam to achieve the group's goals. ... "hybrid" cell, mixing trained Al Qaeda operatives with ISIS returnees, would ...
<a href="https://members.marshallcenter.org/.../TransnationalWeekly_11Nov14_i" rel="nofollow">https://members.marshallcenter.org/.../TransnationalWeekly_11Nov14_i</a>...
Nov 11, 2014 - ISIS. Counterterrorism Strategies. SEMINAR ON TRANSNATIONAL CIVIL ... TheOrganized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project tracked down one of the bankers ... As part of the United Kingdom Cyber Security Strategy, the government has .... Ukraine crisis and Russia's use of “hybrid warfare” in this ...
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Why have so many Muslim states become hotbeds of organized crime? ... Hybrid warfare may have its roots in past conflicts but it also has the power to transform ... The recent murder of Japanese hostages by ISIS has renewed debates about ... a lengthy multigenerational conflict in which child soldiers will play a major part.
<a href="http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/09/08/return-" rel="nofollow">www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/09/08/return-</a>war
Sep 8, 2014 - ISIS is increasingly a hybrid organization, on the model of Hezbollah—part terrorist network, part guerrilla army, part proto-state. ... The question about President Obama's resumption of war in Iraq is not whether it can be ...
ciceromagazine.com/.../show-me-the-terrorists-money-easier-said-than-d...
Feb 4, 2015 - ISIS racketeering networks have hobbled businesses within their territory much asorganized crime syndicates have operated for decades.
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thediplomat.com/.../a-tempest-in-a-teacup-forget-hybrid-w...
Feb 14, 2015 - Hybrid warfare is much ado about nothing -- at least for now. ... It is the scope of this form of warfare — including the media, organized crime, and ... the various components of hybrid war have been used in previous conflicts.
strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/.../Bowers.pdf
Strategic Studies Institute
ies and hybrid warfare, demonstrating how armed groups from less-developed. Christopher O. ...part in organized criminal activities. This only means they are ...
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Jul 6, 2014 - Call it non-linear war (which I prefer), or hybrid war, or special war, Russia's ... I propose that the Academy of Military Science also take active part. .... political and strategic links with ” ordinary ” organised crimes and criminals.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_warfare
Organization[show] ... 1 Other definitions; 2 Similar examples of Hybrid warfare in history; 3 See also ... of conventional weapons, irregular warfare, terrorism and criminal behaviour in the ... Jump up to: a b c d e "Hybrid vs. compound war".
warontherocks.com/.../on-not-so-new-warfare-political-warfare-vs-hybri...
Jul 28, 2014 - Where are the experts in this field, and how are they organized and structured? ...irregular tactics, terrorism, and criminal behavior in the same time ... Putin's purportedly new form ofwarfare as “masked warfare,” part of the ...
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Jan 21, 2015 - As Mark Galleotti, an expert on transnational crime and security, argued in an article for Vice, organized crime is closely intertwined with the separatist fighters. Russia's hybrid warintroduces virtuality to its conduct of international ... to what degree the conflict in Ukraine can spread to other parts of Europe.
<a href="http://www.ft.com" rel="nofollow">www.ft.com</a> › Comment
Aug 28, 2014 - “What we have seen in Ukraine is part of a much broader process that most people ...Russia is happy to bribe and use organised crime as a tool. ... In a world of hyper competition, hybrid warfare or non-linear conflict, says Mr ...
smallwarsjournal.com/blog/journal/.../188-glenn.pdf
Feb 24, 2009 - kind of hybrid warfare that many defense analysts believe will be a defining feature of the ... tailored mix of conventional, irregular, terrorism and criminal means or activities in the .... It has political, social, diplomatic, and informational components that provide bedrock support for its militaryorganization.
<a href="http://www.defenceiq.com" rel="nofollow">www.defenceiq.com</a> › Air, Land and Sea Defence Services › Articles
Oct 9, 2012 - The 21st Century Hybrid Threat: Part Terrorist, Part Insurgent, Part Criminal by ... Law enforcement dealt with its respective country's organised crime problem, ... to be political prisoners or prisoners of war and not criminals.
jsou.socom.mil/.../JSOU%2013-4_McCulloh,Johnson_Hybrid%20Warfa...
Aug 4, 2013 - Soviet Partisan Network as a Hybrid Organization .......... ...... 27. 4. ... of hybrid warfare are defined as: (1) a hybrid force's composition, capabili- .... force of criminal bandits, regular soldiers, and unregulated fighters employed.
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thediplomat.com/.../a-tempest-in-a-teacup-forget-hybrid-w...
Feb 14, 2015 - Hybrid warfare is much ado about nothing -- at least for now. ... It is the scope of this form of warfare — including the media, organized crime, and ... the various components of hybrid war have been used in previous conflicts.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_warfare
1 Other definitions; 2 Similar examples of Hybrid warfare in history; 3 See also ... of conventional weapons, irregular warfare, terrorism and criminal behaviour in ...
warontherocks.com/.../on-not-so-new-warfare-political-warfare-vs-hybri...
Jul 28, 2014 - The criminal aspects of the Ukrainian situation are not as evident so far, but the ...recognized Putin's purportedly new form of warfare as “masked warfare,” part of the KGB ... Tags:Hybrid warfare, political warfare, small wars ...
smallwarsjournal.com/blog/journal/.../188-glenn.pdf
Feb 24, 2009 - kind of hybrid warfare that many defense analysts believe will be a defining ... tailored mix of conventional, irregular, terrorism and criminal means or activities .... It has political, social, diplomatic, and informational components.
<a href="http://www.iar-gwu.org/content/nato-preparation-russia’s-" rel="nofollow">www.iar-gwu.org/content/nato-preparation-russia’s-</a>hybrid-warfare
Feb 10, 2015 - Hybrid warfare is not a new phenomenon in modern military history, but ... of the line between soldiers and civilians, criminal and terrorist behavior, and ... to cyber operations, a major asymmetric component of hybrid warfare.
jsou.socom.mil/.../JSOU%2013-4_McCulloh,Johnson_Hybrid%20Warfa...
Aug 4, 2013 - of hybrid warfare are defined as: (1) a hybrid force's composition, capabili .... force ofcriminal bandits, regular soldiers, and unregulated fighters ...
usacac.army.mil/.../MilitaryReview_20131031_art00...
Oct 31, 2013 - The regular forces portion of the hybrid threat consists of national ... acts as tacticscriminal elements employ in a war enabled through ...
<a href="http://www.europeangeostrategy.org/.../turmoil-" rel="nofollow">www.europeangeostrategy.org/.../turmoil-</a>hybrid-warfare-netherlands-cs...
Feb 11, 2015 - Turmoil and hybrid warfare: the Netherlands and CSDP ... separatists; criminal and subversive activities; deployment of foreign direct investments, ... In hybrid warfare, thesecomponents become blurred into the same strategy, ...
<a href="https://info.publicintelligence.net/USASOC-CounterUnconventional" rel="nofollow">https://info.publicintelligence.net/USASOC-CounterUnconventional</a>Warf...
Sep 26, 2014 - When executed a part of a broader Hybrid Warfare campaign as is the case for ... the distinction between regular government forces, criminal.
<a href="http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail/?id=182335" rel="nofollow">www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail/?id=182335</a>
Aug 4, 2014 - This article was originally published by War on the Rocks on 28 July 2014. ... extends the definition beyond the political or diplomatic component. ... irregular tactics, terrorism, and criminalbehavior in the same time and ...
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· · ·
Other definitions[edit]
Retired
United States Army Col.
Jack McCuen defines hybrid warfare as the focus of activity of
asymmetric warfare, fought on three decisive battlegrounds: (1) within the conflict zone population; (2) home front population; and (3) international community.
[5]
In November 2005, USMC Lieutenant General
James N. Mattis, and USMCR Lieutenant Colonel Frank G. Hoffman, (Ret.) called "Hybrid Wars" an extension of the
Three Block War to a Four Block War.
[6]
Undersecretary of the Navy
Robert O. Work has said that hostile forces would use “hybrid warriors” hidden in civilian populations.
[7]
As of September 2012, the term Hybrid Warfare is not found in any official Joint Doctrine Publications, and this non-doctrinal term is not accepted by military planners.
Similar examples of Hybrid warfare in history[edit]
Hezbollah was described as using hybrid warfare in the 2006 Lebanon War.
[citation needed] During this conflict, Hezbollah fought the Israeli military to a standstill by engaging them from either concealed, fixed positions and underground tunnel complexes (emulating the
Viet Cong) or by conventional infantry combat maneuvers in Lebanese villages. The outcome of these tactics were that the
Israel Defense Forces failed to conquer a single village along by the Israel-Lebanon border, in the time of its two-week ground assault on Hezbollah. Israel's greatest strengths, namely having a modern and capable armoured corps and air force, were nullified by Hezbollah fighters utilizing hardened bunkers and modern Russian ATGMs, capable of destroying any known type of armoured vehicle. At one point, Hezbollah utilized an
C-802 anti-shipping cruise missile that severely damaged the corvette
INS Hanit and killed four Israeli sailors on board.
This was combined by Hezbollah succeeding in hacking into Israeli communication and Israeli soldiers' mobile phones to receive first-hand knowledge about enemy troop movements, communications and casualties.
According to a Russian researcher Vladimir Voronov, the concept of "hybrid war", that became popular again with the outbreak of the
War in Donbass, was already employed by
USSR in 1920's and 30's. He gave examples of Soviet-inspired military activity within
Poland,
Chinese Eastern Railway and
Korea.
[8]
See also[edit]
Further reading[edit]
- Bond, Margaret S. (2007). Hybrid War: A New Paradigm for Stability Operations in Failing States. Carlisle Barracks, Pa: USAWC Strategy Research Project. U.S. Army War College.
- Cuomo, Scott A.; Brian J. Donlon (2008). "Training a 'Hybrid' Warrior". Marine Corps Gazette.
- Fleming, Brian P. (2011). The Hybrid Threat Concept: Contemporary War, Military Planning and the Advent of Unrestricted Operational Art. Fort Leavenworth, KS: U.S. Army School of Advanced Military Studies (SAMS), U.S. Army Command & General Staff College.
- Glenn, Russell W. "Thoughts on Hybrid Conflict". Small Wars Journal.
- Grant, Greg (May 1, 2008). Hybrid Wars. Government Executive. Retrieved 7 October 2010.
- Hoffman, Frank G. "Future Thoughts on Hybrid Threats". Small Wars Journal.
- Hoffman, Frank G. (March 2006). "How Marines are preparing for hybrid wars". Armed Forces Journal.
- Hoffman, Frank G. (2009). Hybrid warfare and challenges. JFQ: Joint Force Quarterly. pp. 34–48.
- Hoffman, Frank G; Mattis, James N. (November 2005). Future Warfare: The Rise of Hybrid Wars Proceedings. pp. 18–19.
- Killebrew, Robert (June 2008). "Good advice: Hybrid warfare demands an indirect approach". Armed Forces Journal.
- Pindjak, Peter (2014). "Deterring hybrid warfare: a chance for NATO and the EU to work together?". NATO Review. ISSN 0255-3813.
References[edit]
External links[edit]
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tyszecki.blogactiv.eu/.../russian-propaganda-as-a-component-of-a-hybrid...
Feb 9, 2015 - One of the most important elements of hybrid war is an information war. The citizens of Russia, Crimea, the south-east of Ukraine have already ...
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Aug 10, 2014 - Such kind of war combines military, information, terrorist and other .... relating toinformation warfare as an integral component of a hybrid war:.
ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-1214206
Feb 9, 2015 - One of the most important elements of hybrid war is an information war. The citizens of Russia, Crimea, the south-east of Ukraine have already ...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_warfare
Hybrid War: A New Paradigm for Stability Operations in Failing States. ... Glenn, Russell W. "Thoughts on Hybrid Conflict". ... Information Week Government.
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Feb 8, 2015 - 1 post - 1 author
One of the most important elements of hybrid war is an information war. ... aggressive government policy by the most part of the Russians may ...
<a href="http://www.janes.com/.../update-russia-s-" rel="nofollow">www.janes.com/.../update-russia-s-</a>hybrid-war-i...
Feb 26, 2015 - Russian-style hybrid war in Ukraine, according to the Potomac Foundation. ... against NATO) was a dress-rehearsal for parts of the Ukraine campaign and ... Russia's information warfarecampaign includes budgeting for the ...
<a href="http://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/" rel="nofollow">www.academia.edu/Documents/in/</a>Hybrid_War
The role of NATO as known from the Cold War... more ... the perspective of hybrid warfare and itscomponent of information operations and analyzes consequent ...
euromaidanpress.com/2014/.../russias-war-against-ukraine-and-the-world...
Aug 7, 2014 - In general, the controlled war of chaos or hybrid war involves three .... Cyber war —component of the information war, which is designed to ...
uaposition.com/hybrid-warfare-as-a-key-instrument-of-the-russian-reven...
Feb 18, 2015 - Russia used against Ukraine concept of “hybrid war”, which in many ..... Although theinformation component was truly cross-cutting theme of ...
geostrategy.org.ua/.../585-gibridnaya-voyna-kremlya-protiv-ukrainyi-i-es-...
Oct 27, 2014 - The term «hybrid war» means wide spectrum of hostile acts, where the role of militarycomponent is rather small. Political, information and ...
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President Vladimir Putin arrives in Astana, March 20, 2015. Photo by Presidential Press Service
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» Political Warfare vs Hybrid Threats
22/03/15 13:39 from Mike Nova's Shared Newslinks
mikenova shared this story from War on the Rocks. The ongoing conflict in Ukraine challenges our traditional Western concepts of warfare. The current crisis, pitting the national government against separatists, Russian ultra-nationalists...
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